10 Oldest Aircraft Carriers Still in Service They are led by roughly 500 SEAL Officers (O-1 to O-10). According to the Navy Times, the sailor was the first of 18 women to date to have tried out for either BUD/S or SWCC and to have successfully completed the selection and training (three of those are still in the pipeline: one in SWCC and two in BUD/S).The Sailor graduated with 16 other SWCC trainees and was awarded her Boat Operator Olson was also the eighth commander of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). During these deployments, SEALs would be on standby to conduct VBSS operations against a suspect or enemy ships or to react to an emergency, such as the evacuating a US Embassy or getting Americans and other civilians out of a hotspot. SEALs are trained in using conventional, open-circuit SCUBA dive gear. They are qualified in military free fall and static line operations to infiltrate a battlespace by air. Pretty badass. I was in Afghanistan as part of the German armed forces deployed down there. We didnt have our own medevac units in Afghanistan at Who is the greatest sniper? An active-duty Marine who wants to transfer to the Navy, in order to attend SEAL training, can submit a Request for Conditional Release, but the chances of that being approved are slim to none. It had created the attitude, as Kauffman later recalled, that If you havent been through Hell Week, youre not a demolitioneer., Nearly eighty years later, the crucible continues to forge a powerful and unique bond among Navy SEALs. Part 2 of 4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRgyDB3_NR8\u0026t= Webtallest navy seal ever; programdatanvidia corporationnv_cache tallest navy seal ever. He knew the invasion of Europe, which was then the Navys top priority, would certainly be on a beach. Birthplace: Rochester, New York 10 Largest Navies in the World, Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Soldiers are not supposed to be taller than 68 when entering service. In his new book, Into Enemy Waters, journalist Andrew Dubbins traces the origin of the first Naval Combat Demolition Units, and how average men learn to become the best of the best. During his military career, Wikul served as Chief of the Counterproliferation Branch on the Joint Staff and authored the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) Concept Plan 0400, Counterproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. KAUFFMAN MIGHT HAVE looked more like a professor than an athlete, with his thick glasses and lanky physique, but he hustled right alongside his young trainees, running in the soft sand and swimming in the foaming surf. AT THE TIME OF the Pearl Harbor bombing on December 7, 1941, Draper Kauffman, a tall and slender thirty-year-old with thick Coke-bottle glasses to correct his terrible eyesight, was the only US officer of any service trained in bomb disposal. Yes, I do, the aching Kauffman replied. He needed men who could operate at peak performance while fatigued, and in the most trying conditions. Stavros Atlamazoglou is a defense journalist specializing in special operations, a Hellenic Army veteran (national service with the 575th Marine Battalion and Army HQ), and a Johns Hopkins University graduate. If a Marine wants to become a SEAL, they will most likely have to finish their contract and then go visit a Navy recruiter to re-enlist and receive a SEAL contract. what does r 4 mean in linear algebra; Kauffman had cut his teeth diffusing bombs in England as a volunteer during the Blitz, and had been recently tapped to launch Americas first Bomb Disposal School, based out of Washington, DC. Theyd have to be forcibly removed before any infantry men could storm those beaches. He learned the Navy was responsible for everything up to the high-water markthe point where the waves reach highest on the beachand the Army for anything beyond where the water touches. The programme culminates in a 72-hour event called the Tour, which is the point when many troops drop out. Calland joined the Navy in 1974 after graduating from the Naval Academy. Men were given the option to drop out at any point. Marcinko was the founder and first commanding officer of the counter-terrorist units SEAL Team Six and RED CELL. He is a retired United States Navy SEAL member who served in the Iraq War. During their time at RTC, recruits are subjected to physical training and military discipline. Years of Service: 1973 2011 (38 years). During the few years that Shepherd was a Navy SEAL, he served with the Underwater Demolition Team ELEVEN, SEAL Teams ONE and TWO, and Special Boat Unit TWENTY. Senators that Ever Lived (Updated 2022), 8 Youngest Presidents in the History of the United States, 10 Oldest Members of the Current United States Congress (Updated 2023), 12 Youngest Centers in 2022-2023 NBA Season, 10 Youngest Cities in the World Based on Population. SDV 1 is in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and SDV 2 is in Virginia Beach, Virginia. There are approximately 700 active-duty SWWCs. Kauffmans bomb disposal experience in Britain had taught him that a single mental lapse could be deadly. Jan 22, 2017 Ever since the Osama bin Laden raid, America has gone bonkers for US Navy SEALs and Military Special Operators in general. The water is never cold! Kauffman yelled at anyone who complained about the ocean temperature. Copyright 2022 by Andrew Dubbins. Kauffman confirmed 40 percent was about right. Andrew Dubbins is a journalist and author, whose work has appeared in Alta, Slate, Los Angeles, and other publications. After graduating BUD/S, he deployed with SEAL Team Four, served for 2 years, and later moved to San Diego, California, where he motorcycle accident yesterday port st lucie 9, Juin, The team responsible for killing Osama Bin Laden is an elite group of US Navy Seals from the Naval Special Warfare Development Group or DevGru for short. At one point, Wikul was also the commanding officer of SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Team TWO. Before a carrier strike group sails off for a deployment, it must pass a thorough composite unit training exercise. Scott was the youngest person to ever complete SEAL training at the age of 17. Thank you for watching!If you enjoyed the video, subscribe for more here - https://bit.ly/32vvUKHU.S. The majority of Navy SEALs (about 2,000) are Navy Enlisted personnel (E-4 to E-9). He was in charge of designing the curriculum, and recruiting and preparing demolition men for yet undetermined operations in Europe and the Pacific. "I won't be surprised if SEALs and SWCCs start riding around on Navy ships in theater. As an astronaut, Shepherd went on four space flights and spent more than 159 days in space. This was one of the biggest changes to the Naval Special Warfare Reserve community. beyond distribution houston tx; U.S. Navy photo by Senior Chief Mass Communication Specialist Jayme Pastoric SEALs are trained in using conventional, open-circuit SCUBA dive gear. In order to go through Navy SEAL training, an individual must be a member of the Navy. He graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training the following year. Oldest Age While Serving: 55 in 2007 To understand this excruciating and enduring logic better, it helps to know how exactly how it got forged. The training was a glimpse of how the Navy could operate in a potential conflict with China in the Indo-Pacific region. SEAL training is inherently dangerous and requires operators to push it to the edge in order to prepare for combat deployments. Great-power competition hasn't only prompted the US military to focus more on China and Russia. Birthplace: Oak Ridge, Tennessee Some cities are prone to natural disasters, others have violent crime. Kauffman was given no official funding, so he was forced to beg for money from personal contacts and scrimp to supply his Fort Pierce demolition school. Shephed first joined the Navy in 1971 after graduating from the Naval Academy with a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering. Passmore was It's also led to a new era of integration between the Big Navy and Naval Special Warfare. Minimum PST scores to earn an SO contract: Minimum ASVAB score to earn an SO contract: In addition, candidates must be 28 years old or younger, successfully pass a medical dive physical examination, be a US citizen, have the ability to obtain a Secret clearance, and meet the minimum eyesight requirements. David Goggins (born February 17, 1975) is an American ultramarathon runner, ultra-distance cyclist, triathlete, public speaker, and author. In addition to not knowing how to blow up obstacles, Kauffman didnt know for certain what kind, on which exact stretch of coastline, or even whether the obstacles would be on land or underwater. As above, a Marine who wants to become a SWCC will most likely have to finish their contract and then go visit a Navy recruiter to re-enlist and receive an SWCC contract. Wildrick was 60 years old and had served in the SEALs for nearly all of his time in the Navy. Before retiring in 2011, Olson held the title of Bull Frog and passed it on to William H. McRaven. How can the West fight terror after leaving Afghanistan? There isnt much knight fighting these days so the military would prefer 140 pound Vietcong who eat a ball of rice a day, can crawl through tiny tu There are approximately 2,500 active-duty Navy SEALs. This is the ideal operational environment for special-operations units. Part 1 of 4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qg_5HU64L68\u0026t=Medal of Honor Warfighter | SEAL Team 6 Combat Training Series Episode 3: Fireteams - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEBS3IMjCWcOne-on-one Interview - 'American Sniper' Chief Chris Kyle - Navy Seal w/ Ed Young - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yISEIg1XIgHelmet Cam Footage of NSWDG dudes during the MOH Warfighters Series - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_JccYdIYwYJoint Israeli Navy and U.S. Navy Seals Exercise - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Re8aQmHA9awNAVY SEAL TRAINING: PARACHUTE TRAINING - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-4iVNK6K_kCharles Humphrey Keating IV Foundation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTlsE3_o8-oMembers of NSWDG training with the 160th SOAR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL4Oi2T6BVMU.S. Required fields are marked *. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2021 Oldest.org | Terms | Privacy | Contact | Facebook, Referred to as the most destructive conflict in history, World War II saw the demise of more than 80 million, The oldest US senator served for a few decades and he switched parties from a Democrat to a Republican. In 2017, Olson joined the Honorary Board of the Boulder Crest Retreat for Military and Veteran Wellness. June 16, 2022. In 1982, he received special permission to join the U.S. Navy and, at 17, he became the youngest Navy SEAL in U.S. history. Boesch appeared on the very first season when he was 72 years old and joined the show again for Survivor: All-Stars at 75. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Sign up for notifications from Insider! In 2005, William Wildrick was in the news for retiring as the oldest Navy SEAL in uniform at the time. Just as SEALs, SWCCs are qualified in military free fall and static line, allowing them to insert anywhere in the world. The troop was among 17 sailors to graduate the "assessment and selection" process on Thursday, the Navy said in a news release. Marcinko provides advice on corporate security, team-building, operational management, and strategic planning. Sailors do 37 weeks of training to join the force (File image), Harry: I always felt different to rest of family, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, Canadian grandma helps police snag phone scammer. "I think the new age of NSW and maritime special operations is going to get pulled in tighter with the fleet. The updated height and weight chart indicate a minimum height of 43 and max height of 72. Kauffmans new mission was equal parts nebulous and ambitious: establishing the Navys first-ever demolition school to train Naval Combat Demolition Units, an early iteration of what would eventually become known as the Navy SEALs. And, as above, an SWCC on the West Coast makes more. In Boot Camp, civilian recruits are transformed into Navy sailors. In fact, Kauffman insisted on joining the men in the punishing conditioning course, to set an example that demolition officers and enlisted men should endure the same challenges. Years of Service: 1970 2009 (39 years), photo source: Wikimedia Commons via Petty Officer 2nd Class Joshua Rodriguez. Navy history, traditions, and core values are an integral part of the Boot Camp regimen, and recruits are constantly taught and questioned on these subjects. Oldest Age While Serving: 62 in 1990 With the help of two officers from his staff, and a lieutenant whod previously worked at a gunpowder company, Kauffman set about designing the schools curriculum. DEVGRU Operators are tasked with the most dangerous and difficult operations in the U.S. military.DEVGRU Squadrons:Red Squadron (Assault)Gold Squadron (Assault)Blue Squadron (Assault)Silver Squadron (Assault)Black Squadron (Intelligence, Reconnaissance, \u0026 Surveillance)Gray Squadron (Mobility Teams, Transportation/Divers)Green Team (Selection/Training)SEAL Teams:SEAL Team 1 (Coronado, California)SEAL Team 2 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)SEAL Team 3 (Coronado, California)SEAL Team 4 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)SEAL Team 5 (Coronado, California)SEAL Team 6 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)SEAL Team 7 (Coronado, California)SEAL Team 8 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)SEAL Team 10 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)SEAL Team 17 (Coronado, California)SEAL Team 18 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 (Pearl Harbor, Hawaii)SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2 (Virginia Beach, Virginia)Music: Whitesand - \"From The Ashes\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3uxdrLX01Ahttps://www.facebook.com/martynlaurhttps://twitter.com/MartynLaurhttps://www.instagram.com/martynas_lau/?hl=enSources:https://www.instagram.com/slayderaider/?hl=enhttps://www.instagram.com/devgrupics/https://www.reddit.com/r/MilitaryPorn/https://www.instagram.com/p/B-haCP8JuXb/https://www.instagram.com/p/B7JLb6vplDz/NAVY SEAL BUD/S TRAINING: 1ST PHASE - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpsIRHZ5oCwNAVY SEAL BUD/S TRAINING: HELL WEEK - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVM_ekGx0cQBuds class 234 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR_zvFuvkEcNAVY SEAL BUD/S TRAINING: 2ND PHASE - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEC7fWBZHBkNaval Special Warfare Training: Water Competency Training Curriculum | SEALSWCC.COM - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HJ2XLrFRzUNAVY SEAL BUD/S TRAINING: SEAL QUALIFICATION TRAINING (SQT) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oO-0CM7Y2UNAVAL SPECIAL WARFARE TRAINING: FORGING TOMORROW'S MARITIME WARRIORS - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEhVGBHjxwcNaval Special Warfare - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QElqPElA4TsNavy SEAL Foundation \"They Say\" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhPwbUHeB64U.S. Webtallest navy seal everpet friendly rentals lewis county, wa tallest navy seal ever. Reserve SWCCs are assigned to SEAL Team 18. There are no unique height requirements to be a Navy Seal. Kauffman expected a high attrition rate but was fine with it; he wanted only tough, adaptable men. Birthplace: Unknown lived in La Jolla, California at time of retirement russell stover chocolate; who owns mcseagull's Read about our approach to external linking. Birthplace: Manhattan, New York 2023 BBC. The gruelling exercises train recruits on weaponry, navigation, parachuting, combat and covert insertion and extraction - getting soldiers in and out of hostile or classified areas. Published by Diversion Books. In 1945 Boesch joined the Navy and immediately volunteered secret and hazardous duty with the Amphibious Scouts and Raiders. It is easy to break down and clean and has a reputation for operating flawlessly in the worst conditions. WebFemales - 26%. Oldest Age While Serving: 52 years old in 2001 Webtallest navy seal evertallest navy seal ever ego service center near me Back to Blog. Shepherd was the first commander of the International Space Station (ISS). A SEAL on the West Coast makes more due to receiving a higher housing allowance to compensate for an increased cost of living. Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) (Virginia Beach/San Diego): $1,434/$2,271, Basic Allowance or Subsistence (BAS): $372.70, Swim 500 yards Breast Stroke or Side Stroke: 12:30, Correctable to 20/25 with no color blindness, Swim 500 yards Breast Stroke or Side Stroke: 13:00, Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School (NSW Prep) Eight weeks, Naval Special Warfare Basic Orientation (NSWO) Three weeks, SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) 26 weeks, Basic Crewman Selection (BCS) Seven weeks, Crewman Qualification Training (CQT) 21 weeks. Three of them, however, are currently still in the training pipeline, one for SWCC and two attempting to become SEALs. The bases commander, Captain Clarence Gulbranson, was enthusiastic about Kauffmans new organization, offering him two islands to blow up replicas of enemy obstacles. Navy SEALs are the Navy's elite Special Operations Force. One of Wikuls most notable achievements during his time in the military was conceiving and creating the TRIDENT Program, which became the Kennedy Irregular Warfare Center at the Office of Naval Intelligence Wikul was its first commander. They are extensively trained in ground warfare. NSW answered that demand, but with renewed focus on conventional rivals with long coastlines and maritime assets, "NSW will most likely find itself going back to its maritime roots," the former operator said, adding that some support for land-based operations will likely continue as well. For the first time, a female sailor has completed the US Navy training programme to become a Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewman (SWCC). McRaven also became the next Bull Frog of the Navy SEALs. WebThank you for watching!If you enjoyed the video, subscribe for more here - https://bit.ly/32vvUKHU.S. SOFREP is an apolitical news site run by former military special ops and intelligence professionals. Oldest Age While Serving: 49 years old in 1940 The key to a successful army in the field is logistics, meaning we can supply the parts every piece of the machine needs, and soldiers are part of Shepherd was selected to become an astronaut by NASA in 1984. assassination of the worlds most wanted terrorist Osama bin Laden, Navy SEALs is looking for men who are between 17 to 28 years old, first commander of the International Space Station, Wikimedia Commons via Petty Officer 2nd Class Joshua Rodriguez, passed the Bull Frog title on to Eric T. Olson, Wikimedia Commons via U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Elizabeth Merriam, 10 Oldest Aircraft Carriers Still in Service, 8 Rare Guns That Are Considered Collectibles, 10 Oldest U.S. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Here's the breakdown of an E-5 Navy SWCC's pay for 2020: Similarly to SEALs, SWCCs are entitled to re-enlistment bonuses ranging from $30,000 to $160,000. pictures of the galvin family; springfield, ma city council candidates; tallest navy seal ever The name "SEALs" represents the environments in which they operate: sea, air and land. After retiring from the military, Marcinko became the author of 5 best-selling novels and an autobiography. Years of Service: 1977 2014. Webtallest navy seal evermostar bridge jump injuries. Below, you can see how Navy SEALs and Combatant-craft crew members are selected and trained and how they're equipped and paid. Marcinko is also a Vietnam War veteran and served two tours of duty during the war. 8 of the Youngest Navy SEALs in History Wikul passed the Bull Frog title on to Eric T. Olson in 2009, who is also on this list. SEALs are primarily tasked with surveilling, capturing, or killing of high priority targets, and gathering intelligence behind enemy lines on enemy forces, locations, and activities for future military actions.Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) also known as SEAL Team Six is the Navy's Tier 1 Special Mission Unit. SWCC stands for Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewman. Soldiers are not supposed to be taller than 68 when entering service. You would have to see a recruiter to find out if this can be waivered. Davi Holding the title means you are effectively, Congress is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The minimum eyesight requirements are the same as for the SEALs. SEAL training is broken up into six training segments: The entire Navy SWCC training pipeline is 39 weeks long. Navy SEAL trainees at the Coronado Naval Amphibious Base in San Diego in 2000. This time, however, Naval Special Warfare operators joined and acted as the eyes and ears of the strike group, demonstrating the role they might play in a high-end fight. Webtallest navy seal ever Menu shinedown problematic. Peter Wikul served in the Navy for 39 years and was the 13th Bull Frog in Navy SEAL history. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Whats a good sniper caliber? We also worked with amphibious ships quite a bit, conducting well-deck operations," the former operator told Insider. Only about 35% of sailors who apply to the SWCC programme manage to complete it, officials say. In order to qualify for an SB contract, an individual must pass multiple Physical Screening Tests (PST) and achieve a required minimum score on the ASVAB. Birthplace: Columbus, Ohio According to the Associated Press, the troop is the first of 18 women who have applied to be a SWCC or a SEAL to succeed. The Glock is slightly larger but lighter than the P228. He paddled with the class in five-man rubber rafts over the choppy seas, counting each stroke aloud, as water splashed over the sides, and he joined in their exhausting night drills. Navy Boot Camp resides at the Recruit Training Command (RTC) in Great Lakes, Illinois, which is in close proximity to Chicago. SWCC training is broken up into four training segments: For years, Navy SEALs have carried the Sig Sauer P226. WebAt four-star flag rank, Olson was the highest-ranking Navy SEAL to hold the Bull Frog title. Speed was also essential. For the first time, a female sailor has completed the US Navy training programme to become a Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewman (SWCC). This was a volunteer unit, they were reminded, and there would be no blight on their personnel record if they quit. Peter Wikul (1952 Present) Oldest Age While Serving: 57 years old in 2009. ALTHOUGH AN EXPERT in bomb disposal, Kauffman had no experience using bombs to destroy obstacles. SEAL stands for Sea, Air, and Land, thus acknowledging a Navy SEAL's versatile ability to wage war. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider SEAL Teams 2,4,8,10, reserve Team 18, and DEVGRU are in Virginia Beach, Virginia. His goal: to instill in soldiers the sort of mental and physical toughness that leads to confidence under extreme pressure. Because they have specialized watercraft and training, Navy special operators can stealthily approach a target and relay intelligence back to the carrier strike group's hard hitters. Historically, Naval Special Warfare's integration with the Navy's conventional forces, sometimes called Big Navy, has been varied, dependent on the commanders in charge at the time and overall operational demands. Calland was Platoon Commander of both a SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) platoon and a SEAL Platoon andas Commander, Naval Special Warfare Command. It also included what the Navy called an "inaugural NATO vignette," consisting of "familiarity training" using NATO procedures and communications, which produced "a clear list of interoperability requirements" for the Navy. His new book, Into Enemy Waters: A World War II Story of the Demolition Divers Who Became the Navy SEALs, is available from Diversion Books. In a letter to his father, he pointed out the Navys tendency to assign you a job, regardless of your qualifications, and simply expect you to excel at it. Additionally, Olson was the first Navy SEAL to be appointed to the grade of a three-star and four-star admiral as well as the first naval officer to be USSOCOMs combatant commander. In this grand rehearsal, each ship and aircraft squadron showcases its capabilities individually and then the whole carrier strike group comes together and shows that it can work smoothly as a force. Kauffman saw a clear and immediate payoff to Hell Week. At conservative gathering, Trump is still the favourite. It was an intense and grueling conditioning course designed to not just push men to their limits, but probably make some fail. From the book Into Enemy Waters: A World War II Story of the Demolition Divers Who Became the Navy SEALs by Andrew Dubbins. Who is the tallest Navy SEAL? Our product picks are editor-tested, expert-approved. 8 Oldest US Naval Ships Oldest Age While Serving: 60 years old in 1983 He often attended SEAL graduation ceremonies and mentored young SEALs until his death. I dont think you have any idea what youre putting these men through, Kauffman, Gulbranson said. Lyon is also served during World War II and the Korean War. He wanted young menthirty-five and youngerwho displayed self-confidence and courage, and no fear of explosives. SWCCs are trained extensively in both small arms and heavy weapons and are trained in land warfare and small boat operations and tactics, making them a very versatile force. Their purpose is clear but in case you havent guessed Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? Marines who score 285 or higher on BOTH the PFT and CFT are exempt from height/weight The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. In addition, there are two SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams (SDV), two reserve SEAL Teams, and the Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU), informally known as SEAL Team 6. In 1996, Wildrick was called back to active duty at the U.S. Special Operations Command in Tampa, Florida. The sailor who completed the gruelling 37 weeks of training has not been named, in line with Pentagon policy. First and foremost, Kauffman knew his demolitioneers needed to be in top physical condition. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. pictures of the galvin family; springfield, ma city council candidates; tallest navy seal ever NOW WATCH: Navy SEALs share how being a good leadership is all about balance, to prevent or restrict the movement of US and allied forces, Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (VBSS) missions. His first memoir, Can't Hurt Me, was released in 2019 and a sequel Never Finished in 2022. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime, jungle, urban, arctic, mountainous, and desert environments.